Abstract This paper investigates the question “when is a logic more expressive than another?” In order to approach it, “logic” is understood in the model-theoretic sense and, contrary to other proposals in the literature, it is argued that relative expressiveness between logics is best framed with respect to the notion of expressing properties of models, a notion that can be captured precisely in various ways. It is shown that each precise rendering can give rise to a formal condition for relative expressiveness that has appeared in the literature. Five such conditions are exposed, tested for some properties and compared to each other. As the formal conditions for relative expressiveness have various levels of stringency, some results on lifting some conditions to stricter ones are explored. Finally, a discussion on the properties of these formal conditions is presented. Special attention is given to notion of meaning equivalence, and how one may consider that it holds or not, depending on the weight attributed to logical and non-logical constants in expressiveness comparisons. when another another? “logic modeltheoretic model theoretic literature models ways exposed stringency explored Finally presented equivalence not nonlogical non comparisons

Abstract A reconfigurable frequency selective surface, FSS, associating cross dipoles and matryoshka geometries is described in this paper. The proposed reconfigurable FSS uses as active element PIN diodes. With the associated geometries, three resonant frequencies are achieved, two fixed, related to the matryoshka geometry, and one that can be activated or not, related to the cross dipoles geometry. Differently from previous works, an inductor was inserted into the cross dipoles’ horizontal arms, maintaining its resonance for x polarization. The PIN diode inserted into cross dipoles’ vertical arms controls the respective resonance. The design procedures for each geometry, in addition to PIN diode and RF inductor basics are outlined. The expected results are discussed based on the analysis of the resonances of each geometry and the associated geometries, as well as the different PIN diode bias states (OFF and ON). A prototype was fabricated and characterized, obtaining a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results, with a reconfiguration bandwidth of 0.24 GHz, from 2.12 GHz to 2.36 GHz, for a variation of at least 10 dB between the OFF and ON states.

Abstract In reconfigurable frequency selective surface, FSS, bias lines can suppress a resonant frequency. This is a disadvantage, as it reduces a FSS potential application. In this paper, a procedure to recover the suppressed resonant frequency is described. A FSS based on four arms star geometry is considered and its reconfigurability is achieved by the use of varactors, for which bias lines suppress the x polarization resonance. So, dipoles are added to the unit cell geometry recovering this resonance. In order to validate the proposed procedure, a reconfigurable FSS using the varactor SMV1231 (0. 466 pF ≤ Cv < 2. 35 pF) was fabricated and characterized. Numerical and measured results shown a good agreement, confirming that the FSS reconfigurability is preserved and the suppressed resonance recovered.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de cinco modelos de estimativa de radiação solar baseados em dados de temperatura para os períodos seco e úmido no estado de Goiás. Dados climáticos de 10 municípios foram utilizados. O desempenho dos modelos na calibração e validação foi avaliado por meio do coeficiente de determinação (R2), erro quadrático médio (EQM), erro relativo quadrático médio (ERQM), erro médio absoluto (EMA) e pela eficiência do modelo por meio do método de Nash-Sutcliff (EF). Além disso, também foi avaliado o desempenho dos modelos considerando toda a série histórica dos dados estimados de radiação solar diária e mensal por meio dos índices de concordância de Willmott, de confiança de Camargo, função “spline” de alisamento cúbica e regressão linear. Observou-se que os modelos HG e DCBB apresentaram os piores e os modelos CD e DB os melhores desempenhos para estimar a radiação solar para o estado de Goiás.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of five models for estimating solar radiation based on temperature data for dry and wet periods in Goiás State. Climate data from 10 municipalities were used. The models performance for calibration and validation were evaluated by coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square relative error (RRMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE) and efficiency of model by the Nash-Sutcliff method (EF). Also, the models performance considering all data set for daily and monthly estimated solar radiation were evaluated by Willmott’s agreement coefficient, Camargo’s confidence index, spline smoothing cubic regression and linear regression. It was observed that HG and DCBB models showed the worst performance and CD and DB models the best performance for estimating solar radiation values for Goiás State.

Resumo A corrupção é um fenômeno global. Sob os parâmetros teóricos e metodológicos da Análise Comportamental da Cultura, constitui nosso objetivo compor um panorama descritivo-explicativo da corrupção como prática cultural, mediante uma análise funcional de contingências implicadas em sua instalação e manutenção, particularmente no contexto brasileiro. Examinamos as origens etimológicas do termo corrupção, apresentamos um levantamento histórico sobre o tema nas ciências sociais e na Análise do Comportamento, delineamos o modelo de seleção por consequências e analisamos três situações hipotéticas de corrupção: (1) um exemplo de política institucional; (2) um exemplo de corporação privada em relação com o poder público; e (3) um exemplo de corrupção cotidiana. Concluímos apontando possíveis contribuições da Análise Comportamental da Cultura para prevenção e combate a práticas culturais corruptas.

Abstract Corruption is a global phenomenon. Under the theoretical and methodological parameters of the Behavior Analysis of Culture, our goal is to compose a descriptive explanatory overview of corruption as a cultural practice, through a functional analysis of contingencies involved in its installation and maintenance, particularly in the Brazilian context. We examine the etymological origins of the term corruption, we present a historical survey on the topic in the social sciences and behavior analysis, we outline the consequences for model selection and analyze three hypothetical situations of corruption: (1) an example of institutional policy; (2) an example of private corporation in relation to the government; and (3) an example of everyday corruption. We conclude pointing to possible contributions of the Behavioral Analysis of Culture toward preventing and combating corrupt cultural practices.

Abstract Effect of cross-sensitivity between temperature and refractive index (RI) was studied using an optical sensor based on Bragg grating inscribed in an etched multi-mode fiber (MMF). RI sensitivities of different modes were used to obtain a linear response and temperature dependence in water:glycerin solutions. Results pointed out that the absolute average RI sensibility reduces from 0.97 ± 0.05 nm/RIU to 0.76 ± 0.07 nm/RIU while the temperature increases from 15 °C up to 35 °C, respectively. Effect of temperature on the RI sensitivity is related with the increasing difference between the fiber and surrounding RI, which results in lower evanescent field and, consequently, reduced surrounding RI sensitivity. Therefore, in order to improve the precision during the RI measures, the effect of temperature must be considered in the calibration curves, principally in MMF fiber grating sensors that show low RI sensitivity values.

Resumo Criança do gênero masculino, nascida com 27 semanas e 1.305 g de peso, apresentando tumor abdominal à direita. Tomografia computadorizada revelou formação sólida comprometendo o rim direito. Foi realizada biópsia por punção, cujo diagnóstico foi nefroma mesoblástico congênito. O paciente foi submetido a nefroureterectomia total direita, falecendo no segundo dia de pós-operatório.

Abstract A male child born at 27 weeks, weighting 1305 g and presenting with a right-sided abdominal tumor. Computed tomography scan demonstrated the presence of a solid mass compressing the right kidney. Puncture biopsy revealed congenital mesoblastic nephroma. The patient underwent total right nephroureterectomy, and died on the second day after surgery.

When food is available recurrently at a particular time of day, several species increase their locomotion in the hours that precede food delivery, a phenomenon called food anticipatory activity (FAA). In mammals, many studies have shown that FAA is driven by a food-entrained circadian oscillator (FEO) that is distinct from the light-entrained pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Few studies have investigated the effect of sugar ingestion on food anticipatory rhythms and the FEO. We aimed to extend the understanding of the role of glucose on the emergence of food anticipatory rhythms by investigating whether glucose ingestion is sufficient to produce daily food anticipation, reflected by motor activity and core body temperature rhythms. Under a 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle, chow-deprived rats had glucose solution available between Zeitgeber Time (ZT) 6 and ZT 9 for 10 days (glucose restriction group), whereas control animals had chow available within the same time window (chow restriction group). Animals in both groups exhibited anticipatory motor activity and body temperature around the fourth day of the scheduled food restriction. Glucose-fed rats ingested ~15 kcal on the days immediately before FAA emergence and reached an intake of ~20 kcal/day, whereas chow-fed rats ingested ~40 kcal/day. The glucose restriction group exhibited a pattern of food anticipation (activity and temperature) that was extremely similar to that observed in the chow restriction group. We conclude that glucose ingestion is a sufficient temporal cue to produce recurrent food anticipation, reflected by activity and temperature rhythms, in rats.

A equação de Penman-Monteith FAO-56 (EToPM) tem sido recomendada pela FAO, Organização para a Alimentação e Agricultura das Nações Unidas (ONU), como padrão para estimar a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). Essa equação requer muitas variáveis que não estão disponíveis na maioria das estações meteorológicas no Brasil central. Por outro lado, a equação de Hargreaves é considerada simples e demanda somente dados de temperatura máxima e mínima para estimar a ETo. Entretanto, essa equação requer um ajuste local. Esse estudo analisa a possibilidade de utilizar a equação de Hargreaves ajustada para estimar a ETo no estado de Goiás. Para isso, os parâmetros empíricos, HC (coeficiente empírico de Hargreaves) e HE (expoente empírico de Hargreaves), da equação de Hargreaves foram ajustados considerando dois processos, ajuste local (HGR - Hargreaves ajuste local) e ajuste regional (HGL - Hargreaves ajuste regional). Para o HGL, os parâmetros empíricos foram ajustados para cada estação meteorológica. Já, para o HGR, os parâmetros empíricos foram ajustados considerando conjuntamente os dados de todas as estações meteorológicas. A equação de Hargreaves ajustada para ambos os processos, local e regional, apresentou valores de ERQM de 17,95 e 21,93%, respectivamente, considerando o conjunto total de dados climáticos. A equação de Hargreaves ajustada localmente ou regionalmente é uma opção para estimar os valores diários de ETo no Estado de Goiás em locais em que a disponibilidade de dados climáticos é limitada.

The FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation (EToPM) has been recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as the standard equation for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The FAO-56 PM equation requires numerous weather data that are not available in most of the stations of Brazil central. On the other hand, the Hargreaves equation is a more simple equation for estimating ETo, and demands only maximum and minimum temperature data. However, this equation requires local calibration. This paper examines the potential of using the Hargreaves equation adjusted to estimate the ETo in Goiás State. For this, the Hargreaves empiric parameters, HC (empirical Hargreaves coefficient) and HE (empirical Hargreaves exponent), were adjusted considering two procedures, local adjustment (HGL - Hargreaves local adjustment) and regional adjustment (HGR - Hargreaves regional adjustment). For HGL, the adjustment of empiric parameters was done for each weather station. For HGR, the adjustment of empiric parameters was done considering the data set of all weather stations. The Hargreaves equation adjusted by both processes, local and regional, showed values of 17.95 and 21.93% for ERQM respectively, considering the full range of climatic data. The Hargreaves equation adjusted by both processes is an option to estimate the daily values of ETo in Goiás State where there are available data limitation.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes ofertas de forragem em pastagem de estrela africana (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis), sobre a taxa de desaparecimento de forragem (TDF) e a produção de leite de vacas mestiças Holandês x Gir. Trinta animais foram submetidos a três ofertas de forragem (OF) distintas, sendo 10,0 12,5 e 15,0% do peso corporal. Houve influência da OF sobre a TDF (P<0,001). Para cada unidade de acréscimo da OF, a TDF aumentou 140,0kg ha-1 dia-1. Houve efeito da relação folha:colmo sobre a produção de leite (P<0,05). O aumento da oferta não refletiu em incremento da produção de leite em função do manejo empregado para obtenção das ofertas e estádio de crescimento das plantas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate different herbage allowances in stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis), on the herbage disappearance rate (HDR) and milk yield in crossbred Holstein x Gir cows. Thirty animals were assigned to three different herbage allowances (HA), ranging from 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0% BW. There was effect of HA on the HDR (P<0.001). Increasing the HA in one unit had effect on the HDR increasing by 140.0kg ha-1 day-1. There was effect of leaf:stem ratio on milk yield (P<0.05). The increasing in supplying herbage allowances did not resulted in increased milk yield because the management for herbage allowance and herbage growth.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e caracterizar ambientes homogêneos com base na ocorrência de eventos de seca/umidade na Região Centro-Norte do Brasil, compreendendo os Estados de Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Goiás e Tocantins. Para esse fim, utilizou-se o índice quantitativo de seca denominado Anomalia de Umidade de Palmer (Z-index). Os dados climáticos de entrada utilizados por esse índice para quantificar os eventos de seca/umidade foram simulados pelo modelo regional climático RegCM3 ("Regional ClimateModel - version3"), para o período de 1975 a 1989. Por meio de análise de agrupamento foram identificados 13 ambientes homogêneos. Esses ambientes homogêneos foram caracterizados por meio da probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos de seca/umidade, densidade relativa destes eventos, variabilidade da precipitação pluvial anual e a probabilidade de ocorrência de seca na época das águas (outubro a maio). No Estado do Mato Grosso observou-se o maior número de ambientes homogêneos e na Região Sudoeste desse Estado, o ambiente 11, obteve a maior probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos extremamente seco, 9%. O ambiente 10, localizado no extremo leste de Goiás, teve a menor mediana para a precipitação pluvial anual. O evento climático com maior probabilidade de ocorrência na região de estudo é o próximo ao normal ou normalidade de umidade.

The objective of this study was to identify and characterize homogeneous environments based on the probability of drought/wet occurrence in the central-northern Brazil, considering Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Goiás and Tocantins States. The drought index denominated the moisture anomaly Z-index (Z-index) was used. The input climate data for the drought index was generated by the regional climate model RegCM3 for the period from 1975 to 1989. As result of cluster analysis, it was identified 13 homogeneous environments. These environments were characterized based on the probability of drought/wet, relative density of drought/wet occurrence, annual rainfall variability and probability of drought occurrence during the rainy season (October to March). The Mato Grosso State had the highest number of homogeneous environments and the environment 11, located at southwest of this State had the highest probability of drought occurrence, 9%. The environment 10, located at the extreme east of Goiás State, showed the lowest median for the total annual rainfall. The climatic event with the highest probability of occurrence in the study area is close to normal or normality moisture.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a acurácia do índice de seca SPI (índice padronizado de precipitação), em diferentes escalas temporais, na determinação da ocorrência de eventos de seca e na estimativa de seus efeitos na produtividade do arroz de terras altas, em seis diferentes microrregiões do Estado de Goiás. Foram utilizados dados diários de precipitação, provenientes de estações pluviométricas localizadas nos municípios de Uruaçu, Aruanã, Alexânia, Mineiros, Catalão e Itumbiara, no Estado de Goiás, como também a série histórica de produtividade do arroz de terras altas para as microrregiões goianas de Porangatu, Rio Vermelho, Entorno de Brasília, Sudoeste de Goiás, Catalão e Meia-Ponte. As escalas temporais utilizadas foram: mensal, trimestral, semestral e anual. As diferenças entre as escalas temporais do SPI foram avaliadas quanto ao número e frequência dos eventos de seca, ao percentual de acerto na estimativa da variação da produtividade ajustada de arroz, e quanto aos desvios entre essas estimativas e a produtividade observada. O aumento na escala temporal do SPI possibilita a identificação de eventos de seca de maior duração, e a escala anual (SPI-12) apresentou o melhor desempenho na estimativa da variação da produtividade ajustada de arroz de terras altas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of the drought index SPI (standardized precipitation index), at different time scales, for determining the drought occurrences and for estimate their effects on upland rice adjusted yield in six different microregions in Goiás state, Brazil. Precipitation daily data were used from rain gauge stations located at Uruaçu, Aruanã, Alexânia, Mineiros, Catalão and Itumbiara, in Goiás state, as well as upland rice yield data set for the microregions Porangatu, Rio Vermelho, Entorno de Brasília, Southwest Goiás, Catalão and Meia-Ponte, also located in Goiás state. The temporal time scales used in this study were monthly, quarterly, semiannual and annual. The differences among the SPI temporal scales were evaluated for the number and frequency of drought occurrences, the percentage accuracy of the variation estimate related to the upland rice adjusted yield data, and the deviations between these estimates and the observed yield. Increasing SPI temporal scale makes it possible the identification of persistent drought, and the annual scale (SPI-12) showed the best performance for estimating the variability of upland rice adjusted yield.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a intensidade e a ocorrência de seca pelo uso de índices quantitativos, e avaliar a relação entre esses índices e os dados da série histórica da produtividade ajustada do arroz de terras altas da microrregião de Goiânia, GO. O ajuste da série histórica foi realizado para minimizar os efeitos da variabilidade climática da região e dos avanços tecnológicos sobre a produtividade. Foram avaliados os seguintes índices: severidade de seca de Palmer (PDSI); Z de Palmer (Z-index); o de anomalia de chuva (RAI); e o padronizado de precipitação (SPI). Os índices de seca foram analisados com uso da correlação de Pearson, número e frequência de ocorrência da seca e percentual de acerto dos índices em relação à produtividade ajustada. O RAI quantificou o maior número de eventos extremos de seca, enquanto o PDSI não estimou nenhum caso. O Z-index apresentou o maior percentual de acerto, em relação às variações ocorridas na produtividade ajustada. Em períodos com variações da produtividade ajustada maior que 300 kg ha-1, Z-index, RAI e SPI apresentaram 78, 78 e 67% de percentuais de acerto, respectivamente. O Z-index teve o melhor desempenho na estimação da produtividade ajustada de arroz de terras altas.

The objective of this work was to characterize the drought intensity and occurrence quantitative indices, and to evaluate relationship between these index and the upland rice yield historical data of Goiânia micro region, GO, Brazil. The historical data set was adjusted in order to minimize the effects of region's climatic variability and technological advances on crop yield. Four indices were evaluated: Palmer's drought severity index (PDSI), Palmer's Z index (Z-index), rainfall anomaly index (RAI), and the standardized precipitation index (SPI). Drought indices were analyzed trough Pearson's correlation, number and frequency of drought occurrence, and the index accuracy related to the upland rice adjusted yield data. RAI quantified the highest number of drought extreme occurences, while PDSI did not estimate any case. Z-index showed the highest accuracy in relation to the variations in the adjusted yield. In periods with rice adjusted yield variations higher than 300 kg ha-1, the Z-index, RAI and SPI indices showed the highest accuracies with, 78, 78 and 67%, respectively. The Z-index had the best performance in the estimation of upland rice adjusted yield.

Os tumores de traqueia são raros e podem ser de difícil diagnóstico, por mimetizarem outras afecções pulmonares de caráter obstrutivo, como asma e DPOC. Relatamos um caso de lipoma de traqueia em uma paciente que fora tratada para asma e DPOC, sem resposta adequada, até apresentar complicações infecciosas. A presença do tumor foi sugerida por TC de tórax e confirmada por fibrobroncoscopia. A paciente foi submetida à ressecção endoscópica do tumor; porém, evoluiu para o óbito por pneumonia e choque séptico.

Tracheal tumors are rare and can be difficult to diagnose due to their capacity to mimic other obstructive lung diseases, such as asthma and COPD. We report the case of a female patient with a tracheal tumor. She had previously been treated for asthma and COPD, with little response to the treatment. The onset of infectious complications prompted further investigation. Chest CT images suggested the presence of a tumor, which was confirmed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The tumor was endoscopically resected. However, the patient evolved to death due to pneumonia and septic shock.